A dyno is a dynamometer machine. This is a tool used to run a bike in a controlled environment, at varying speeds and conditions, while recording input from various data throughout the motorcycle. The rear wheel of the motorcycle spins on a large roller, while things like industrial-size fans produce wind to create true riding simulations. 

AFR refers to Air Fuel Ratio. This is the stoichiometric number of the amount of air to fuel in the combustion chamber of the engine. This number is very important to creating the correct burn for optimal power and efficiency. This number is generated by reading the exhaust gasses leaving the cylinders. This number changes all throughout the RPM range and throttle request so it is not a one size fits all. 

This is the correlation of what your wrist and throttle tube is doing vs what the ECU is actually telling your engine to do. How much to open the throttle blades on your throttle bodies based on your throttle tube request. There are 2 styles of this system. STP and Full ETV. 

• STP is found on almost every fuel injected bike but it’s being phased out currently. This refers to Secondary Throttle Plate systems. Meaning, when you turn the throttle you are physically controlling 2 cables that are manually turning a cam wheel opening up one of two throttle plate sets. The ECU is reading this request and controlling the second set of plates in relation to what you’re asking for.

• The newer style of throttle plate control is ETV or Electronic Throttle Valve. This means when you turn the throttle you are sending a digital signal to the ECU to control the throttle bodies/plates. This is a newer technology and is what a lot of riders complain about when they refer to a jerky throttle. As OEM settings can be set for US emissions restrictions and not actually ideal for a rider or optimal performance. Bottom line, ETV or Throttle Mapping refers to the correlation of what you’re doing with your throttle tube vs what the engine is actually being told to do.

A tune / tuning is the process of creating new mapping. Using tools to read out engine performance output, a tune can either generate a new map, or adjust the existing one.

• Refers to 'mail-in' mapping, where the bike is either not present and/or not ran on a dyno to create it.

• Created by tuners, they work 99% of the time, and are compatible with a wide variety of machines.

• Safe to run on various bike types.

• Derestricted maps or base flashes may or may not include changes related to: ETV/STP, AFR changes, ignition, speed limit, AIS system, exhuast system and temperature settings.

• This is considered the baseline, or industry standard, set of changes for any general tune or map.

What a flash / flashing includes is highly variable from one tune to the next, but this is just the term for the actual process of writing an ECU map.